Acknowledgements and Citations

Many thanks to the Decendants Project for the co-sponsership fo this project, as well as to the Historic New Orleans Collection, the Louisiana State Museum, and the Louisiana Public Library for providing pictures, and to Kaitlyn Murray allowing use of her art.

For further reading, please see these references.

64 Parishes. “Plantation Slavery in Antebellum Louisiana,” January 30, 2023. https://64parishes.org/entry/plantation-slavery-in-antebellum-louisiana.

“Bone Buttons & Manufacturing Tool (U.S. National Park Service).” Accessed August 29, 2025. https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/bone-buttons-manufacturing-tool.htm.

DuPlessis, Robert S. “What Did Slaves Wear? Textile Regimes in the French Caribbean.” Monde(s) 1, no. 1 (n.d.): 175–91. https://doi.org/10.3917/mond.121.0175.

French Church du Saint-Esprit. “An Account of The Sufferings of The French Protestants, Slaves on Board the French Kings Galleys. By Elias Neau, One of Their Fellow Sufferers.” Accessed August 29, 2025. https://stesprit.org/an-account-of-the-sufferings-of-the-french-protestants-slaves-on-board-the-french-kings-galleys-by-elias-neau/.

Gabbert, Lisa. “WEAVING EMPIRE: THE ROLE OF WOOL, THE SUBJUGATED, THE ENSLAVED, AND THE CONVICTED IN BUILDING THE BRITISH EMPIRE, 1699-1860.” University of Texas, Arlington, 2024.

Hwang, Elaine. “Interpreting Sartorial Practices Based on the Archaeological Analysis of the Buttons at Varner-Hogg Plantation State Historic Site.” Rice University, 2022.

Hyatt, Harry Middleton. Hoodoo, Conjuration, Witchcraft, Rootwork, 1978.

“Le Code Noir, Ou Édit... Servant de Règlement Pour Le Gouvernement et l’administration de La Justice, Police, Discipline et Le Commerce Des Esclaves Nègres Dans La Province et Colonie de La Loüisianne...” Video. Gallica, January 1, 1727. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b86086055/f6.double.

McIlvoy, Karen E. “‘Take Heede When Ye Wash’: Recognizing the Labor of Enslaved Laundresses on Southern Plantations.” Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage 11, no. 2 (April 8, 2021): 130–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/21619441.2021.1908774.

Murray, Kaitlyn. The Weight of My Crown. 2024. The Ogden Museum of Southern Art. For more works by Murray, see her website [https://artkaitlynmurray.com] and Instagram [@art_kaitlynmurray].

Orleans, Royal Tours New. “Tignon Laws of Louisiana,” October 11, 2016. https://www.royaltoursneworleans.com/tignon-laws-of-louisiana.

Palmier, Vernon. “The Code Noir of 1724, A Free Translation,” 2012.

The MESDA Journal. “Slave Cloth and Clothing Slaves: Craftsmanship, Commerce, and Industry.” Accessed August 29, 2025. https://www.mesdajournal.org/2012/slave-cloth-clothing-slaves-craftsmanship-commerce-industry/.

Thrasher, Albert. “On to New Orleans”: Louisiana’s Heroic 1811 Slave Revolt, 1996. 

White, Carolyn L. American Artifacts of Personal Adornment, 1680-1820: A Guide to Identification and Interpretation. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2005.

White, Sophie. “Geographies of Slave Consumption: French Colonial Louisiana and a World of Things.” Winterthur Portfolio 45, no. 2/3 (December 9, 2012). https://doi.org/10.1086/661557.